Jewish+Currents+Annotations

**Annotations to Chart of Jewish Currents**
The later chapters of Isaiah appear to date much later. Some of the material, such as Chapters 36 - 39, appears to be lifted largely from II Kings 18 - 20. The first part of Isaiah addresses people living in Judah under the Davidic kings. Jerusalem is the Holy City that God will protect, the Temple and sacrifice are in place, the Assyrians are a threat. This is consistent with a date in the 700s. || The second Isaiah author probably wrote around 528 to 500 BC, assuring the people that Cyrus would overthrow Babylon and restore them to their land. It's not clear if all of chapters 40 - 66 were written by the same person, or if there were a third Isaiah. || Some scholars now believe that the community was begun in the early Hellenistic period (fourth century B.C.) by the ruling family and nobility of Samaria, who had been deprived of political leadership by the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, had resettled at the ancient site of Shechem, and rebuilt it. Tensions between the residents of Samaria and Jerusalem had already existed over the issue of the rebuilding of the walls and temple of Jerusalem (see Ezra 4; Neh 4) and possibly also because of the Samarians’ association with syncretistic worship in the Northern Kingdom. Upon resettling in Shechem, the group built a sanctuary at Mount Gerizim, presided over by its own priesthood. By building the sanctuary at Gerizim, the group consolidated itself as a distinct religious entity, which made a statement concerning its own legitimacy in the face of Jewish claims concerning the centrality of Jerusalem. (AB) || Era || Zugat || refers to the hundred year period during the time of the Second Temple (515 BCE - 70 CE), in which the spiritual leadership of the Jewish people was in the hands of five successive generations of zugot ("pairs") of religious teachers. || Era || Chazal || Chazal or Ḥazal (Hebrew: חז"ל‎) is an acronym for the Hebrew "Ḥakhameinu Zikhronam Liv'rakha", (חכמינו זכרונם לברכה, literally "Our Sages, may their memory be blessed"). In rabbinic writings this is a general term that refers to all sages of the Mishna, Talmud, and other rabbinic literature commentators, and their authoritative opinion, from the times of the Second Temple of Jerusalem until the 6th century CE. || "Now it was from this very creed (of Zoroaster) that the Jews derived all the angelology of their religion...the belief in a future state; of rewards and punishments, the latter carried on in a fiery lake;...the soul's immortality, and the Last Judgment-all of them essential parts of the Zoroastrian scheme, and recognized by Josephus as the fundamental doctrines of the Judaism of his own times." || In the section Aboth of the Talmud, it says: “Moses received the Torah from Sinai and committed it to Joshua, and Joshua to the elders and the elders to the prophets; and the prophets committed it to the men of the Great Congregation.” – lineage bypasses priests and sacrifice and Aaronid chain || Era || Tannaim || Tannaim ("teachers"): Refers to the sages of the Mishnah, who lived in the Land of Israel until 220 CE. In addition to the Mishnah, their writings were also preserved in the Midrash. Key figures among the Tannaim include Hillel the Elder, Akiva ben Joseph, and Judah haNasi. || Era || Amoraim || Amoraim ("expounders"): Refers to the sages of the Talmud who were active during the end of the era of the sealing of the Mishnah, and until the times of the sealing of the Talmud (220CE – 500CE). The Amoraim sages were active in two areas, the Land of Israel, and Babylon. In addition to the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, their writings were also preserved in midrashs such as Midrash Rabba. || Era || Savoraim || Savoraim ("reasoners"): Refers to the sages of Beth midrash (Torah study places) in Babylon from the end of the era of the Amoraim (5th century) and until the beginning of the era of the Geonim (From the end of the 6th century or the midst of the 7th century). || We accept as binding only the moral laws and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives, but reject all such as are not adapted to the views and habits of modern civilization. We hold that all such Mosaic and rabbinical laws as regulate diet, priestly purity and dress originated in ages and under the influence of ideas altogether foreign to our present mental and spiritual state. They fail to impress the modern Jew with a spirit of priestly holiness; their observance in our days is apt rather to obstruct than to further spiritual elevation. [...] || Era || Soferim || Soferim ("scribes"): The most common rooted term used for all sages from before the era of Ezra the scribe until the Zugot era, including the men of the Great Assembly. This era stretches from the Matan Torah ("giving of the Law"; Moses receiving the Torah on Biblical Mount Sinai), to the Halakha ("traditions") era, including the times of Simeon the Just; either Simon I (c.300 BCE) or Simon II (c.210 BCE) ||
 * From || To || Date || Class || Title || Description ||
 * -1300 || -1200 || -1300 to -1200 || Books || Ugaritic Texts ||  ||
 * -1300 || -1025? || -1300 to -1025? || Variety || Tribal Israel || Polytheistic, Up to 300 Villages each with own places of sacrifice ||
 * -1300 || -1025? || -1300 to -1025? || Variety || Tribal Judah || Polytheistic, 20 or so villages each with own place of sacrifice ||
 * -1207 || -1207 || -1207 || Stele || Mer || (C) Merneptah Stele - Mentions that Israel in Canaan is no longer a problem - first mention of Israel in a non-Biblical source. (AP) Also known as the "Israel Stele," it describes the victory of Egyptian king Merneptah over peoples from the west, including "Israel." Shows that by this time a people known as "Israel" existed in Canaan. ||
 * -1025 || -1005 || -1025 to -1005 || King || Saul || King of united kingdom - no historical evidence for his existance or that of united kingdom. ||
 * -1005 || -970 || -1005 to -970 || King || David || King of Judah - supposedly lived from -1040 to -970. ||
 * -1005 || -586 || -1005 to -586 || Variety || Kingdom of Judah || Kingdom of Judah from David to Zedekiah. No evidence for united kingdom or King Saul. There is little and ambiguous evidence for David. At earliest stages, during time of David and Solomon, it was sparsely populated country of about 30 villages with its capital at Jerusalem. It was not the oppulant powerful kingdom as dscribed in Kings until after the fall of Israel ||
 * -1000 || -722 || -1000 to -722 || Variety || Kingdom of Israel || While Judah was backward in its infancy, Samaria (also called Israel in the Bible or Kingdom of Ephriam), its northern sister, at comparable times was larger and thriving with up to 300 villages. There is no mention of Kings of Israel prior to -931so if there was never a united kingdom then either the stories of the previous rulers were expunged or there was a sudden revolt of some sort that produced a new kingdom in -931. Since there was thriving group of settlements, for the purposed of choosing to make the diagram, I assume those villages were already a kingdom in their own right and existed at least from the putative time of King David. Its capital was at Samaria and was sometimes called the Kingdom of Samaria. ||
 * -1000 || -722 || -1000 to -722 || Theism || Polytheistic || The God of Moses states in His first commandment that there are many gods: "Thou shalt have no other gods before me"(Exodus 20:3). In Josiah's time 621 B.C. Yahweh shared his temple with Baal, Asherah, and the heavenly bodies, e.g. the sun (II Kings 23:4-7, 11). King Jeroboam set up two cultic bulls. Manasseh built alters to the sun, moon and stars in the temple (II Kings 21:3-5). King Ahab worshiped heifers a century after Solomon (Josephus 8:13) and his wife Jezabel was a devotee of Melkart. Just before the exile Joshiah attacked various practices of Baal; Moloch; Chemosh; and Milcom (II Kings 23). "For they served idols" (II Kings 17:12). Jeremiah protested against Baal and Moloch (Jer 2:28 and 32:35). ||
 * -970 || -931 || -970 to -931 || King || Solomon || King of Judah, son of David ||
 * -970 || -931 || -970 to -931 || King || United Kingdom || Solomon ||
 * -931 || -914 || -931 to -914 || King || Judah || Rehoboam ||
 * -922 || <-722 || -922 to <-722 || Books || E || Author -Israelite. Uses El or Elohim to name God. Do not know name as YHVH until Moses. Written after creation of Israel (-922) and prior to its destruction by Assyria (-722). Favors Levite priests (Mosaic line) over Aaronite priests. Touts local sacrificial alters (High Places). Wine (AJ:19) claims Jacob (whose shrine was in Shechem) was the semigod of the Semitic confederation in the north and to his son Israel (the eponymous name of the united kingdom), was born the eponymous Joseph the chief tribe of the north by his wife Leah ||
 * -922 || >-589 || -922 to >-589 || Author || Shiloh Priests || Shilo Priests - Levite priests. Touts local sacrificial alters (High Places). Authored E and D1, D2 ||
 * -914 || -911 || -914 to -911 || King || Judah || Abijarn ||
 * -911 || -870 || -911 to -870 || King || Judah || Asa ||
 * -870 || -846 || -870 to -846 || King || Judah || Jehoshaphat ||
 * -851 || -843 || -851 to -843 || King || Judah || Jehoram ||
 * -848 || <-722 || -848 to <-722 || Books || In the Day || Author - from Judah. Uses YHWH (Jehovah) to name God even before God reveals his name to Moses. Written after King Jehoram(-848) and prior to destruction of Israel by Assyria(-722). Justifies ascendence of Judah. Friedman (Y:12) claims J part is the first book in history to write a history and it included J and parts of Joshua, Judges, I&II Samuel and I Kings. Wine (AJ:19) claims Isaac (whose shrine was in Beersheva) was the semigod of the Semitic confederation in the south, and to his son Israel (the eponymous name of the united kingdom), was born the eponymous Judah by his wife Leah ||
 * -848 || <-722 || -848 to <-722 || Books || J || First part of "In the Day" which R. E. Friedman calls the hidden book of the bible. See Below ||
 * -843 || -842 || -843 to -842 || King || Judah || Ahaziah ||
 * -843 || <-722 || -843 to <-722 || Stele || Tel Dan || Tel Dan Stele mentions Israel and House (city) of David. "[I killed Jeho]ram son of [Ahab] king of Israel, and I killed [Ahaz]iahu son of [Jehoram kin]g of the House of David. " Author is likely to be a king of Damascus (Assyria). Note, it references kings of Judah as kings of Israel. It acknowledges line of David but not David himself. Found in layer below that due to destruction of Assyrian invasion to give upper limit of age. Death of Jehoram gives lower limit. Tel Dan is located in Israel in Tribal Dan lands. ||
 * -842 || -836 || -842 to -836 || King || Judah || Atlsaliah 842-836 ||
 * -836 || -798 || -836 to -798 || King || Judah || Jehoash ||
 * -788 || -747 || -788 to -747 || Prophet || Amos, Hosea || Amos and Hosea - wrote about Israel, condeming the materialism and opulant lifestyles of the rich and powerful (aristocracy), documenting the power, international to the the era and condemned the corrupt and imperious aristcracy of israel ||
 * -788 || -747 || -788 to -747 || King || Israel || Jeroboam II - for the first time, archeologists can find all the requirements for statehood: literacy, bureacratic administration, specialized economic production and a a professional army ||
 * -740 || -730 || -740 to -730 || Books || I Isaiah || The first Isaiah (sometimes called Isaiah of Jerusalem) or his disciples probably wrote most of Chapters 1 - 11, a series of poems and narrative prophecies, around 740 to 730 BC. Chapters 13 - 23 are rants against foreign nations--possibly only a fraction of these chapters were actually written by Isaiah. Chapters 29 - 32 seem to date from 715 - 701 BC, during the reign of Hezekiah.
 * -727 || -698 || -727 to -698 || King || Judah || Hezekiah - implemented consolidation of power into Aaronid priests - Religious reforms meant breaking idols and cleansing Temple, eliminating local places of worship called the high places, causing all sacrifice to be done in the Jerusalem Temple. All animals to be eaten had to be ritually killed by a priest (sacrificed) with the priest getting a tithe (10%) of the animal and the owner the rest. The P version justified Hezekiah's reforms ||
 * -722 || -722 || -722 || Books || JE || Author - unknown - combined J and E to make a single version shortly after destruction of Israel by Assyria when both J and E people were mixing in Judah. May also have served purpose of creating a single history to reflect the uniting (better: reuniting) of the 2 communities after the 200 year division [A way to create myth that the 2 communites were originally a single entity BMD](Put wine stuff here) ||
 * -722 || -722 || -722 || Event || Kingdom of Israel || Israel is conquered by the Assyrians ||
 * -722 || -605 || -722 to -605 || Rulers || Assyrians || Conquered Israel and had an unsuccessful seige of Jerusalem. Many Samarians were taken as captives and others fled to Judah. Assyrian hegemony ended in -605 when its army of Egypt was destroyed by Babylon ||
 * -720 || -720 || -720 || Books || P || P for Priestly Version of the Bible (date approximate) - probably written shortly after fall of Israel and influx of some of its refugees into Judah. Author probably an Aaronite priest. Establishes supremacy of Aaronite priests and separates them from Levite priests who claimed supremacy of Moses. Many of the stories portray an imperfect Moses. - Emphasizes centralization of religion - 1 center, 1 alter, 1 Tabernacle, 1 place of sacrifice. The book coincides with Hezkiah's centralization of power - Rejected angels, dreams talking animals (Genesis 2 - snake), anthropomorphisms of JE. Many laws about ritual and sacrifice, justification of laws as with Genesis 1. ||
 * -720 || -458 || -720 to -458 || Theism || Monolatrous || Religion in the ancient Near East was closely tied to place and politics. Deities were associated with particular places, such as cities and eventually nations. Temples  functioned quite literally as the god's house, where the god resided in the form of a cult statue. Priests and followers fed, clothed and cared for the deity in a series of rituals and offerings. Chief among the god's adherents was the king or city-ruler. As builder of the temple and chief official in the cult, the king had a special relationship with the god. This association between place, deity and royalty made religion a powerful factor in defining group identities in the ancient Near East. Monolatry is the worship of a single god without denying the existence of other deities. Monolatrous views can be seen in places within the Bible, and may have been the view of at least some Israelites when the worship of Yahweh was the state religion of Israel and Judah during the Iron Age. ||
 * -698 || -642 || -698 to -642 || King || Judah || Manasseh ||
 * -639 || -609 || -639 to -609 || King || Judah || Josiah - Instituted Deuteronomic reforms to reformulate Jewish identity and religious practices - Central features of biblical montheism (worship 1 God in 1place), centralized national observance of holidays, legislating social welfare, justice and personal morality ||
 * -622 || -622 || -622 || Books || D || Deuteronomy - ancient ||
 * -622 || -622 || -622 || Books || D1 || D1 - written before fall of Jerusalem: Author - Jeremiah. Found in the Temple by the priest Hilkiah (possibly the same Hilkiah that was Jeremiah's father) during the reign of Josiah . Establishes themes—fidelity to YHWH, Torah, centralization of worship, only David's descendents would be the kings of an always existing Israel. Emphasize Moses and Levites, Aaron is bad.Written to justify Josiah's religious reforms. Antagonistic to P which favors Aaronite priests ||
 * -622 || -622 || -622 || Books || Deut Hist || Deuteronomist History - Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings - possibly the book of law discovered by the high priest Hilkiah in -622. Deuteronomy - completely diff terminology from other books of Torah, God is completely transcendent, absolute prohibition of sacrificial worship anywheres other than Jerusalem Temple ||
 * -620 || -300 || -620 to -300 || Variety || Sapiential || Sapinetial Jews - associated with Wisdom Literature- Ahiqar, Proverbs, Job, Jonah, and Qoheleth ||
 * -597 || -538 || -597 to -538 || Rulers || Babyloneans || Jerusalem fell to King Nebuchadnezzer of Babylon in -597. The Second Book of Kings adds that the King of Judah, Jehoiakim, was taken to Babylon with ‘all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and all the smiths’; none remained, except ‘the poorest people of the land'. (This may be a way of putting down the Samaritans who were the ones left behind. BMD). When Zedekiah, the Israelite governor the Babylonians had appointed, [ revolted, Jerusalem was conquered and] the Temple was torn down, the walls demolished[...and more of the population exiled or fled except for the] Benjamites, who seemed to have submitted in -588. [Jeremiah, who had earlier predicted the permanent Davidic ruler in Deuteronomy, said that] Nebuchadnezzar was the agent of the Lord, sent to punish Judah for its wickedness [God is now so mighty that he can cause Israel's enemies to effect his justice. Babylonean hegemony ended with the conquest by Persia] ||
 * -590 || -590 || -590 || Books || Jer || Jerimiah (date appx): Author - Jeremiah. Written after the fall of Jerusalem and before reestablishment of temple ||
 * -560 || -560 || -560 || Books || D2 || D2 - Written afterward fall of Judah and destruction of Temple. Deuteronomy (date appx): Author - Jeremiah. Had to tell story from death of Josiah to destruction and exile and it had to make sense of thewhole story. Changed covenant from God-David to God-Israel at Sinai (ie God-People). Thus Jews have a purpose even without a king ||
 * -539 || -332 || -539 to -332 || Rulers || Persians || King Cyrus of Persia conquered Babylonea and allowed the Jews in exile to return. About 50,000 went back in several waves and most came from the poorer stratum of society. The Jews left behind continued to have a thriving community for hundreds of years ||
 * -538 || -538 || -538 || Event || Cyrus Proclamation || Cyrus Proclamation allowed Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Jerusalem Temple ||
 * -538 || -175 || -538 to -175 || Variety || Zadokites || At the time of the return from [the Babylonean] exile a family known as the Zadokites, supposedly the descendants of David’s High Priest, Zadok, controlled the High Priesthood. Their holy writings consisted of the Torah (to which they had made the so-called Priestly additions[...]), together with the books of Chronicles and the works of Ezra and Nehemiah... . They had no notion of an end for the universe; God had created a flawless creation, so there would never bee any reason for it to end. During the exile in Babylonea, the Zadokites made the priests supreme over the King who was seen as a pawn of the Babyloneans. ||
 * -528 || -500 || -528 to -500 || Books || II Isaiah || The later parts of Isaiah describe how the cities of Judah are desolate, the Temple is in ruins, and the people are in exile in Babylon. The Assyrians aren't mentioned. There is a new theological emphasis, as well as a changed political scene. This leads scholars to believe there were two different prophets named Isaiah, living 150 to 200 years apart, whose works were later combined.
 * -525 || -410 || -525 to -410 || Temples || Yeb Temple || Elephantine is Yeb in the texts - A community of Judahite soldiers in the Persian army stationed at Elephantine, an island in the Nile, created a temple where YHVH and other gods were worshiped together. Existed prior to arrival of Cambyses, the King of Egypt. Destroyed by troops from Syene at behest of priests of Khum. ||
 * -525 || 73 || -525 to 73 || Theism || Egypt || Jewish syncretism with Egyptian gods was practice in Egypt - at the start of the period was the Yeb temple and at the end, the Leontopolis temple. (see Yeb and Leontopolis for references) ||
 * -480 || -300 || -480 to -300 || Variety || Enochians || Enochic Judaism (a priestly counter-tradition to the Zadokite ideology, embodied in such works as the Enochic Book of the Watchers, Aramaic Levi, etc.). (V) Found in Dead Sea Scrolls - possibly written by Essenes between -200 and + 68 - Enoch was the grandfather of Noah ||
 * -469 || -399 || -469 to -399 || Philosopher || Socrates ||  ||
 * -458 || -458 || -458 || Prophet || Ezra || Ezra goes back to Jerusalem - read ref and D222ff ||
 * -445 || -445 || -445 || Prophet || Nehemiah || Nehemiah arrives in Jerusalem (445 BCE) ||
 * -444 || -444 || -444 || Books || R || Redaction of the bible - probably by Ezra, a Zadokite priest - he published the book of the law of Moses and reads it to the people. He introduces the notion of living in booths during Succot, strict adeherance to the law and no intermarriage. See also D 222ff ||
 * -444 || -444 || -444 || Prophet || Ruth || Book of Ruth - written in response to Ezra and laws against Intermarriage - Ruth, a Moabite, is the grandmother of David. (This is the only mention of that relation in the Bible and it is a 1 liner, possibly added later) (Some claim it was written before the exile) ||
 * -444 || now || -444 to now || Theism || Monotheistic || Along with R version of the Bible and the enforcement of its laws on the Jews came the notion of Monotheism - that there is only 1 God and the Gods of other peoples are false (I.e. don't exist or are not supernatural) ||
 * -423 || -348 || -423 to -348 || Philosopher || Plato ||  ||
 * -400 || now || -400 to now || Variety || Samaritans || 4 principles: 1. Belief in one G-d. 2. One prophet - Moses son of Amram, there being no other prophet after him. Most of their prayers and hymns are about Moses who gave them the Torah, and he is considered the savior and Messiah of the future. 3. The Mosaic Torah, comprised of the Pentateuch, is the only holy writ, and there is no other sacred text. Therefore they do not believe in the Prophets or Writings, and they have no Oral Law. 4. They have one holy place, Mount Gerizim. (AC)
 * -384 || -322 || -384 to -322 || Author || Aristotle || Aristotle - ||
 * -332 || -301 || -332 to -301 || Rulers || Greeks || Alexander Conquers Judea. Following his death, there was a struggle between his heirs for hegemony which was won by the Ptolomies in -301 ||
 * -301 || -200 || -301 to -200 || Rulers || Ptolemies || Ptolomeic Rule over Judea ||
 * -301 || -167 || -301 to -167 || Variety || Tobiads || The Tobiads were the official tax collectors; they bid a certain amount for the right to collect taxes — anything beyond that amount was theirs to keep. As a non-priestly family they were supported by the Sapientials. However, they used their wealth to take control of the Temple by marrying Zadokites, and gain control of the Temple Treasury. The Apocryphal books of Tobit and especially Ben Sirach attempt to reconcile the Zadokite and Sapiential traditions by positing that Wisdom is a heavenly being, the first thing created by God. ||
 * -300 || -300 || -300 || Books || 1 En || 1 Enoch 1-36 - The Book of Watchers - apocalyse ||
 * -300 || 70 || -300 to 70 || Variety || Synagogue ||  ||
 * -250 || -250 || -250 || Books || LXX || Septuagent - Greek translation of Pentateuch for Alexandrian and other diaspora communities (AH - Septuagent or 70 comes from the 72 translators (6 representatives from each of the 12 tribes!)) ||
 * -250 || -200 || -250 to -200 || Books || Q || Qoheleth (Ecclesiates) (250 - 200 BCE) ||
 * -200 || -63 || -200 to -63 || Rulers || Seleucids || Seleucid Rule over Judea ||
 * -197 || 68 || -197 to 68 ||  || Essenes || (V) The Essenes were a strict Torah observant, Messianic, apocalyptic, baptist, wilderness, new covenant Jewish sect.(? - origin of Qumran) Majority view - penitential/renewal movement emerged around -197 - a priest, known in scrolls as the Teacher of Righteousness arose to lead the group around -177. The Teacher and his followers fled Jerusalem and established a community in Qumram. The community was destroyed in 68. Minority view - Teacher of Rightousness arose last 2nd/early 1st century, Pharisees persecuted and forced them into exile. Much in scrolls is anti-Pharisaic.(AE) They considered the sacrifices of the Jerusalem Temple invalid ||
 * -190 || -190 || -190 || Books || BS || Ben Sira - no life beyond death ||
 * -175 || 73 || -175 to 73 || Temples || Leontopolis Tmpl || Leontopolis Temple - Egypt - Built by Onias IV, a Zadokite priest, after the murder of his father Onias III. Sacrifices were offered at the Temple. Destroyed in 73. Also called Onias Temple. ||
 * -167 || -63 || -167 to -63 || Rulers || Maccabees || Maccabeean Revolt and Hasmonean Dynasty ||
 * -165 || -165 || -165 || Books || Dan || Daniel 7 - 12. Only Hebrew Bible book universally counted as an apocalypses ||
 * -142 || -40 || -142 to -40 || Rabbinic
 * -142 || 600 || -142 to 600 || Rabbinic
 * -110 || 10 || -110 to 10 || Author || Hillel || Hillel (הלל) (born Babylon traditionally c.110 BCE, died 10 CE[1] in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader, one of the most important figures in Jewish history. He is associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud. Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he was the founder of the House of Hillel school for Tannaïm (Sages of the Mishnah) and the founder of a dynasty of Sages who stood at the head of the Jews living in the land of Israel until roughly the fifth century of the Christian Era. He is popularly known as the author of two sayings: "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And when I am for myself, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?"[2] and the expression of the ethic of reciprocity, or "Golden Rule": "That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."[3] ||
 * -100 || 70 || -100 to 70 || Variety || Pharisees || The Pharisees never numbered more than 6000 according to Josephus.
 * -100 || 70 || -100 to 70 || Variety || Sadducees || Sadducess were supported only by a minority of the aristocracy and of the priesthood, maintained that only the written Law was valid, that the world was only what our senses perceived, harboring no angels or spirits, and that there was no divine intervention in human affairs. ||
 * -100 ||  || -100 to || Event || Rome to China Silk Trade || Jews arrived in China when the Silk Road was open and safe, along with other traders, possibly as early as -100. Trade between China and the West continued thereafter with some of the traders periodically staying to form communities. ||
 * -85 || 1492 || -85 to 1492 || Variety || Hellenistic -> Romaniot (Greek Jewry) || Romaniot Jews, I.e. Jews of the empire of the “second Rome" were Hellenized Jews living in Greece. Their ancestors left Israel sometime after the Maccabean wars. They were highly assimilated and from the Sapiential tradition. When the exodus of Sephardic Jews / Marranos from Iberia came to Greece at the time of the Inquisition, there was often much conflict with the Romaniots. Eventually the Romaniots were overwhelmed and disappeared (A 70-71) Romaniot were Jews of the Byzantine empire - they read the Greek translation of the Bible in their synagogues ||
 * -63 || 324 || -63 to 324 || Rulers || Romans || Roman Rule over Judea ||
 * -30 || 10 || -30 to 10 || Books || Chr,Neh,Ez || Chronicals, Nehemiah and Ezra - ||
 * -20 || 50 || -20 to 50 || Author || Philo || Philo of Alexandria, Egypt was head of a delegation to Roman emperor Caligula defending the Jewish community againts the attacks of the Greeks of Alexandria. He wrote 2 important treatises in 38 ce, Flaccum and Legatio ad Gaium which gave a Jewish perspective on events of the time. ||
 * 20 || 210 || 20 to 210 || Variety || Zealots || The people of Israel conducted three major wars against the Roman Empire during the first and second centuries of the Christian era. Two of these uprisings — the war that led to the destruction of the Temple (66—73 AD) and the Bar-Kokhba revolt (132—135 during which Rabbi Akiva declared Bar Kokhba the messiah) — took place in the land of Palestine. In between these two, in the years 115—117, many communities of the diaspora were embroiled in a large-scale revolt against the Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Trajan. ||
 * 33 || now || 33 to now || Variety || Christianity || May have arisen from Essenes ||
 * 37 || 100 || 37 to 100 || Author || Josephus || Falvius Josephus wrote War in the 70's which covers the time from the Maccabees to the fall of Masada, and Antiquities in the 90's which covers Jewish history from the creation to 66 ce. Only Jewish historian whose works for that period are extent to any degree. He wrote in Greek - he did not know Hebrew ||
 * 66 || 70 || 66 to 70 || Event || Great Revolt || Jews revolted against Roman rule and were crushed, followed by destruction of the Second Temple ||
 * 70 || 200 || 70 to 200 || Variety || Rabbinic || The period begins after the destruction of the Second Temple. New schools began to appear anywhere a great rabbinical scholar could be found. Authority was scattered..., the study of Torah became the norm for large strata of Jewish society, the synagogue emerged as the focal point of community life, and prayer replaced sacrifice in the temple. [The institution of the rabbi as interpreter of the law begun with the Pharisees came to full power]. They believed in the immortality of the soul, just retribution in an afterlife,Providence directs human actions together with free will which enables choosing between good and evil, validity of Oral Law in addition to Torah and that the rabbis are the interpreters of the law. The period ends with the completion of the Mishnah.
 * 70 || 220 || 70 to 220 || Rabbinic
 * 70 || 1500 || 70 to 1500 || Variety || Jewish Popular Religion || Popular Judaism from Rabbinic times to the early modern period (1500 - 1780) included beliefs and practices that were excluded or barely alluded to in the Talmud. They included a cosmos with angles and demons, magical powers and occult sciences, where knowledge of God's name was a source of creative power, the idea that there were previous worlds that God created ||
 * 75 || 90 || 75 to 90 || Books || NT/M,M,L&J+ || New Testament of Christian Bible - Synoptic Gospels, +75-80 and Gospel of John, +90. Plus Peter, Paul, etc ||
 * 100 || 100 || 100 || Books || 4 Ez || 4 Ezra - apocalyptic ||
 * 100 || 900 || 100 to 900 || Variety || Ancient Bene Israel || The Bene Israels kept the Sabbath [and ] circumcised their sons on the eighth day after birth. They observed a few Israeli festivals and called them by Indian names, but until their association with other Jewish communities they weren’t aware of the Hanukkah festival and the ninth of Ab fast, traditions that emerged after the destruction of the second Temple [indicating that their] forefathers arrived in India before [that time]. ||
 * 132 || 135 || 132 to 135 || Event || Bar Kochba || "Bar Kochba" - "Son of the Star;" Leader of Revolt against Rome in 135 CE, last attempt, with initial success for a few years, to regain independence from Rome, after Destruction of Second Temple in about 70 CE. He was believed by Rabbi Akiva to be the Mashiach, and he was given this name based on the prophecy of Bilaam recorded in the Torah, which speaks of a "star shooting forth from Yaakov." Tragically, he was tricked into believing that Rabbi Elazar was involved in Treason. At that point, Bar Kochba executed him, he lost the support of Rabbi Akiva and the rest of the Rabbis, and presumably, of G-d. His name reverted to Ben Kosiba, either his real name or, appropriately, the "Son of the Lie." ||
 * 135 || 215 || 135 to 215 || Author || Judah haNasi || Rabbi Judah ha Nasi - Judah the Prince - a prince because he supposedly is a direct descendent of King David. He compiled the Mishnah ||
 * 200 || 200 || 200 || Books || Mishnah || Redaction of the Mishnah is completed by Rabbi ha Nasi. The Mishnah is the legal code or Halakah from the Oral Law ||
 * 200 || 425 || 200 to 425 || Books || Jerusalem Talmud || Commentaries on 4 books of the Mishnah ||
 * 200 || 500 || 200 to 500 || Books || Babylonean Talmud || The Gemeara is the summary in Aramaic of the debate over the Mishnah written by the rabbis in Babylonea. The Mishnah and the Gemarah together form the Talmud. Commentaries of later scholars were subsequently added to the Talmud. Its coverage was more extensive and often more humane than the Jerusalem Talmud and it came to be authoritative ||
 * 220 || 500 || 220 to 500 || Rabbinic
 * 324 || 634 || 324 to 634 || Rulers || Byzantines || Constantine defeats Licinius and gets possession of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire putting it under both Roman and Eastern Orthodox Christian rule. ||
 * 324 || 1492 || 324 to 1492 || Variety || Romaniot (Greek Jewry) || Romaniot Jews, I.e. Jews of the empire of the “second Rome", Byzantium, were Hellenized Jews living in Greece. Their ancestors left Israel sometime after the Maccabean wars. They were highly assimilated and from the Sapiential tradition. When the exodus of Sephardic Jews / Marranos from Iberia came to Greece at the time of the Inquisition, there was often much conflict with the Romaniots. Eventually the Romaniots were overwhelmed and disappeared (A 70-71) Romaniot were Jews of the Byzantine empire - they read the Greek translation of the Bible in their synagogues ||
 * 410 || 1000 || 410 to 1000 || Era || Early Middle Ages ||  ||
 * 425 || now || 425 to now || Variety || Palestinean Jewry -> Italy -> Europe -> Ashkenazim || Jews in Palestine which later migrated to Italy and Europe and became what is now known as the Ashkenazim. Originally held the Jerusalem Talmud as authoritative. Later adopted the Babylonean Talmud - currently refers to all the Jews who originated from them ||
 * 500 || 600 || 500 to 600 || Rabbinic
 * 500 || now || 500 to now || Variety || Babylonean Jewery -> North Africa -> Iberia -> Sephardim || Babylonian Jewery would be a thriving community for over a thousand more years. Their emegrants migrated primarily along North Africa and then to Iberia and became known as Sephardic Jews. Their rituals and rulings are somewhat different Askenakic Jews but both groups still consider each other as Jews. After the expulsion from Iberia at the time of the Inquisition, the Jews migrated to North and South America, Europe and the Middle East ||
 * 632 || 632 || 632 || Books || K || Koran ||
 * 638 || 1099 || 638 to 1099 || Rulers || Arab Califates || Following the rise of Mohammedism, Arab Califs conquered Israel and ruled until the Crusades ||
 * 718 || 1860 || 718 to 1860 || Variety || Chinese Jewery (Known Settlements) || It is not known when Jews first came to China but a merchant’s letter and a page of a prayer book have been found there and both date to the 8th century. What is known is that during that time the Jews appear to have almost monopolized the trade between Europe and Asia because Christians and Moslems could not trade in each other’s countries. The Jews established their first synagogue in 1163. At its peak, during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Kaifeng Jewry numbered about 5,000 people. Jewish practice ended with the death of its last rabbi in the mid 19th century and the destruction of its synagogue in 1860. ||
 * 760 || 830 || 760 to 830 || Variety || Ananites || When the califs conquered Babylonea they gave the rabbis power over the Jews in the middle east in the form of an Exilarch. The rabbis enforced their rule, often with force, but there was resistance especially in the regions outside of the former Babylonea. Anan ben David organized various anti-Talmudic elements and lobbied the Caliphate to establish a second Exilarchate for those who rejected Rabbinic rule and the Talmud. The Muslims granted Anan and his followers the religious freedom to practice Judaism in their own way. Anan gathered a large following around him and his followers became known as the Ananites (see also Bnai Mikra) ||
 * 830 || now || 830 to now || Variety || Bnei Mikra -> Karaim || Benjamin ben Moses Nahawendi established Karaite doctrine in Iran; througn him the sect became known as Karaites or Benei Mikra (‘sons of the Scriptures’). Karaites reject the oral law, take the bible literally and believe in direct, independent and critical study of the bible (similar to fundamentalism of Protestants vs interpretation by priests for Catholics). Placed emphasis on returning to Israel and from 9th through 11th centuries were the majority of Jews in Jerusalem. Karaites became skilled at debating the rabbis and denying their claim for an oral law. Karaites claim descent from the Sadducees and Essenes ||
 * 882 || 942 || 882 to 942 || Author || Saadya || Saadya Gaon - For Maimonides, Saadya's speculative theological reasoning might easily be seen as reasoning-in-the-service-of-pre-established-ideas (in this case, theological commitments). This sort of ‘reasoning’ is precisely the sort of thing that Maimonides (in the extended critique of Kalam which he offers in his Guide of the Perplexed) lambastes as a fanciful, non-philosophical mode of pseudo-reasoning. To the extent that Saadya's work falls prey to Maimonides' critique of Kalâm theology, it would not, properly speaking, be a truly reason-based system. While Saadya states that “the truth of reliable tradition” is “based on the knowledge of sense perception and the knowledge of reason” (Altmann, 37), there are serious grounds for suggesting, nonetheless, that for Saadya, it is tradition and revelation, and the presence of God in man's life that these entail, which are ultimately the first foundations for knowing and living. The centrality of reason notwithstanding, revelation may ultimately be Saadya's final ground. ||
 * 882 || 1412 || 882 to 1412 || Variety || Rationalists || From Saadiah Gaon to Crescas - Attempts at making Judaism compatible with philosophical science and metaphysics. Some ideas -God's relation to Jewish people, natural order and individual often had to be redefined to be made compatible. After this period the main efforts of Jewish philosophical analysis was toward Kabbalah ||
 * 900 || now || 900 to now || Variety || Bene Israel of India || The practices of the Bene Israels is significantly different from the Cochin Jews of India who follow the Sephardic tradition. ||
 * 900 || now || 900 to now || Books || Masoretic Text || Masoretes standardized the punctuation and vocalization of the Torah - possibly in reponse to a similar earlier effort by Moslems with the Koran. The texts were produced by the ben Asher and ben Naphthali families in Tiberius and have become the standard version of the Hebrew tanach ||
 * 1000 || 1300 || 1000 to 1300 || Era || High Middle Ages ||  ||
 * 1040 || 1105 || 1040 to 1105 || Author || Rashi || RASHI (1040-1105), Jewish scholar. RABBI SOLOMON IZHAQI (son of Isaac), usually cited as Rashi from the initials of those words, was born at Troyes in 1040 and died in the same town in 1105. His commentaries of Talmud are the most imporatant ||
 * 1099 || 1187 || 1099 to 1187 || Rulers || Crusaders ||  ||
 * 1135 || 1204 || 1135 to 1204 || Author || Maimonides || Mosheh ben Maimon (משה בן מימון)‎, called Moses Maimonides, or RaMBaM (רמב"ם – Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon"), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204.[5] He was a rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt. ||
 * 1150 || now || 1150 to now || Variety || Kabbalists || The Kabbalah (Hebrew for “handed down by tradition”) made its appearance in the twelfth century in Provence, southern France. Kabbalists want to transform Judaism into a more profound [i.e. mystical] inner experience [...] that could not be attained through a rational and intellectual approach. ||
 * 1168 || 1178 || 1168 to 1178 || Books || MT, GforP || Mishneh Torah, Guide for the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides ||
 * 1170 || ?now || 1170 to ?now || Variety || Pantheistic || Where pantheism is considered as an alternative to theism it involves a denial of at least one, and usually both, central theistic claims. Theism is the belief in a "personal" God which in some sense is separate from (transcends) the world. Pantheists usually deny the existence of a personal God. They deny the existence of a "minded" Being that possesses the characteristic properties of a "person," such as having intentional states, and the associated capacities like the ability to make decisions. Some possible pantheists are Spinoza, Plato; Lao Tzu, Einstein ||
 * 1190 || 1190 || 1190 || Books || G || Guide of the Perplexed - Moses Maimonides - Maimonides first to stress importance of beliefs over acts(Eva Goldfinger) ||
 * 1194 || 1270 || 1194 to 1270 || Author || Nahmanides || Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça (de) Porta and by his acronym Ramban (1194 – 1270), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in Girona. Nahmanides, first as rabbi of Girona and later as chief rabbi of Catalonia, seems to have led a largely untroubled life. When well advanced in years, however, his life was interrupted by an event which made him leave his family and his country and wander in foreign lands. This was the religious disputation in which he was called upon to defend his faith in 1263. The debate was initiated by an apostate rabbinic Jew, Pablo Christiani, who had been sent by the Dominican Master General, Raymond de Penyafort, to King James I of Aragon, with the request that the king order Ramban to respond to charges against Judaism. ||
 * 1250 || 1517 || 1250 to 1517 || Rulers || Mameluke || Mameluke rulers of Egypt defeated the Mongols and formed their own Kingdom. Ruled Palestine untildefeated by the Ottomans. ||
 * 1280 || 1286 || 1280 to 1286 || Books || Z || Moses de Leon composed the bulk of the Zohar, the first major Kabbalistic work ||
 * 1300 || 1500 || 1300 to 1500 || Era || Late Middle Ages ||  ||
 * 1350 || 1650 || 1350 to 1650 || Era || Renais || Renaissance Philosophy - ||
 * 1497 || 1900 || 1497 to 1900 || Variety || Marranos -> Catholics || Iberian Jews forced to convert. Some truly converted others continued to practice their Judaism in secret. Many migrated to other parts of Europe and South America. The Marranos in Holland openly practiced their religion and shed their covering of Catholicism. Most Marranos in the Americas forgot their Judaism but still retained some of the cryptic practices ||
 * 1500 || 1800 || 1500 to 1800 || Era || Early Modern History ||  ||
 * 1500 || now || 1500 to now || Era || Modern History ||  ||
 * 1517 || 1648 || 1517 to 1648 || Era || Reform || Reformation - The most common dating of the Protestant Reformation begins in 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars.[1] ||
 * 1517 || 1917 || 1517 to 1917 || Rulers || Ottman Empire || Ottoman Turks defeated the Mamelukes and 400 years later were defeated by Great Britian ||
 * 1574 || 1574 || 1574 || Books || SA || The Shulkhan Arukh is one of the primary legal references for Orthodox rabbis because it was the first code to list the differing customs and laws of both Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jewry. The book was originally written by the Sephardic Rabbi Joseph Caro but in an attempt to satisfy all Jews, when it was published shortly thereafter contained the dissents and addenda included in italics of the Askenazi rabbi Moses Isserles of Poland. ||
 * 1588 || 1588 || 1588 || Books || Luriana Kabbalah || In 1588, the Lurianic Kabbalah, based on the teachings of Isaac Luria Ashkenazi was published as Sefer Ez ha-Hayyim (“Book of the Tree of Life”) by Hayyim Vital, Luria’s greatest disciple. It was distributed throughout Europe and contributed to the Kabbalah becoming normative literature. ||
 * 1632 || 1677 || 1632 to 1677 || Philosopher || Spinoza || Baruch Spinoza was a Sephardic Jew living in Holland. Part of the Enlightenment, he denied the concept of Jews as Chosen People…Questioned the authority of the Bible by attacking the idea that it was a product of God's revelation to Moses and the prophets. He was excommunicated by the Jews of Amsterdam in 1656 ||
 * 1650 || 1650 || 1650 || Books || TTP || Tractatus theologico-politicus - by Spinoza - where he questioned the Mosaic origins of Scripture as well as the reliability of the rabbinic chain of tradition back to Sinai ||
 * 1650 || 1800 || 1650 to 1800 || Era || Enlight || Enlightenment ||
 * 1665 || 1676 || 1665 to 1676 || Event || Shabbetai Tsevi || Shabbetai Tsevi declared himself Messiah ||
 * 1676 || now || 1676 to now || Variety || Shabbeteism || Belief in Shabbetai Tsevi as Messiah - still some remnant today ||
 * 1677 || now || 1677 to now || Variety || non-Jewish Kabbalists || Lurianic Kabbalah, mostly as a philosophical system, became known to the Christian world in a Latin translation, Kabbala denudata (1677-1684) ||
 * 1720 || 1797 || 1720 to 1797 || Author || Vilna Gaon || Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (Vilna Gaon) - favored exact, careful interpretation of common-sense meaning of text. He was willing to criticize earlier scholars. Disliked Maimonidean philosophy and tried to reconcile Kabbalah and talmud. He came to represent Mitnagdim, those who objected to emotional excesses of Hasidism and its subordination of talmudic study to mystical experience. ||
 * 1729 || 1786 || 1729 to 1786 || Philosopher || Mendelssohn || Moses Mendelssohn (1726-1789) is considered the father of the Haskalah. Mendelssohn was a philosopher with ideas from the general Enlightenment. Frederick the Great declared him a "Jew under extraordinary protection" and he won a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences on his "treatise on evidence in the metaphysical sciences." He wrote in German, the language of the scholars. He represented Judaism as a non-dogmatic, rational faith that is open to modernity and change. He called for secular education and a revival of Hebrew language and literature. He initiated a translation of the Torah into German with Hebrew letters, tried to improve the legal situation of the Jews and the relationship between Jews and Christians, and argued for Jewish tolerance and humanity. ||
 * 1736 || now || 1736 to now || Variety || Hasidism || A from of mysticism based on the Kabbalah founded by Israel Ben Eliezer, later known as the Ba'al Shem Tov. He developed the idea of the Tsaddick as a special human being because of his ability to adhere to God's law and a new kind of popular prayer where fervor and emotion rather than the specific words or sentences were the primary means of reaching God ||
 * 1770 || 1880 || 1770 to 1880 || Variety || Haskalah || The Haskalah began in Galicia (Germany, Poland and Central Europe) and later spread to Eastern Europe (Lithuania and other provinces of the Pale of Jewish Settlement1). The Haskalah was characterized by a scientific approach to religion in which secular culture and philosophy became a central value. It was influenced by a Maimonidean approach that valued secular studies and used reason as the measure of all things. ||
 * 1772 || now || 1772 to now || Variety || Mitnagdim || Traditionalists opposed to Haskalah - nonHassidic ultra orthodox ||
 * 1817 || now || 1817 to now || Variety || Reform || It emphasized a firm belief in human progress and the ability of reason to promote such progress. Reason could bring men and women together by demonstrating that behind the different religious expressions there was a common faith-the religion of humanity. This religion distrusted irrational doctrines and repressive institutions, superstitions, and unreasonable authority." THE PITTSBURGH PLATFORM, "prepared in 1885 by a group of 15 Rabbis...became the guiding principles of Reform Judaism in America for 50 years (Isaacs, p 58):
 * 1832 || 1832 || 1832 || Books || BofM || Joseph Smith claimed to have been directed by God to gold plates buried in the ground in Palmyra, NY. Smith translated the plates which became known as the book of Mormon ||
 * 1832 || now || 1832 to now || Variety || Mormons || Religion founded by Joseph Smith - he claims to have been directed by the Angel Moroni to find gold tablets hidden in the side of a mountain in Palmyra, NY. The plates were written in a secret language. To translate them, he set up a room separated into 2 chambers by a hanging sheet. He sat on one side with the plates and a translating stone, dictating the translation to scribe, a man by the name of Harris. Harris' wife was skeptical of the process and stole the sheets. She said that if the stone was truely translating the plates that the new translation should be identical to the old. Smith countered that the sheets she had were altered by the devil and any discrepancies would be due to the devil. ||
 * 1852 || 1852 || 1852 || Books || OofS || Origin of Species by Charles Darwin ||
 * 1860 || 1904 || 1860 to 1904 || Journalist || Herzl || Theodore Herzl - journalist and father of modern political zionism ||
 * 1860 || now || 1860 to now || Variety || Chinese Jewery (Cultural) || From the time of the dissolution of the organized Jewish community to the present, the Jews of Kai-Feng have considered themselves Jewish but in memory only as all of the customs and traditions faded away. Recently, in the 21st century there has been a revival of interest and practice with some of the Jews traveling to Israel to study Hebrew and learn about Jewish history and culture. ||
 * 1867 || 1867 || 1867 || Books || DK || Das Kapital - good at illuminating the ills of capitalism, develops idea of socialism.Proposes false historical determinism leading to socialism. Encourages dictatorship of the prolitariat ||
 * 1870 || now ||  || Variety || Socialist ||   ||
 * 1880 || now || 1880 to now || Variety || Secular ||  ||
 * 1886 || now || 1886 to now || Variety || Conservative || The conservative movement began as a rabbinical school in Germany in 1887. And it arose to satisfy the need of a religious community to respond to the challenges of modernity. ||
 * 1888 || now || 1888 to now || Variety || Modern Orthodox ||  ||
 * 1897 || 1920 || 1897 to 1920 || Variety || Bund ||  ||
 * 1909 || now || 1909 to now || Variety || Kibbutz || Socialist zionist community - 1st was Degania ||
 * 1917 || 1948 || 1917 to 1948 || Rulers || British Mandate || Rule of Great Britian over Palestine from World War I to granting of Israel Independence ||
 * 1919 || now ||  || Variety || Abayudaya || "a group of native Ugandans who have been practicing Judaism since 1919, when their leader, a local governor named Semei Kakungulu, studied and meditated on the Old Testament and adopted the observance of all Moses' commandments, including circumcision. Over the next seven decades, the Abayudaya were visited by American, European and Israeli Jewish travelers who instructed them in post-Biblical Judaism." ||
 * 1920 || now || 1920 to now || Variety || Crypto Jews || Marrano Jews from Iberia living in the Americas, some who forgot they were originally Jews, others who did not, but both had continued to be outward Catholics and perform cryptic Jewish practices, realized they were Jewish and many have now shed their Catholic coverings. Communities have formed in the southwest US and Western Canada. They have distinct communities and practices but are similar to the Orthodox ||
 * 1935 || 1935 || 1935 || Books || JasC || Judaism as a Civilization, Kaplan - He saw Judaism as an evolving civilization united by its culture, literature, history, etc. in addition to its beliefs and practices. God is the same as natural law which makes a cosmos out of chaos. Prayer makes us aware of our conscience, draws our attention to the needs of the community and offers a psychological emotional release. Kaplan rejected the idea of the Chosen People ||
 * 1948 || now || 1948 to now || Rulers || Modern Israel || Formed primarily by Secular Jews ||
 * 1968 || now || 1968 to now || Variety || Recon || Reconstructionism - as a separate branch of Judaism begins with the creation of the Reconstructionist College in 1968. Major beliefs include God as nature, personal autonomy usually overrides traditional Jewish law and custom. It rejects belief in miracles, theism and that Jews are a chosen people ||
 * 1973 || now || 1973 to now || Variety || Messianic Jews || A movement combining some Jewish practices with Christian beliefs that began in the 1970's often with the purpose of converting Jews to Christianity. ||
 * 1985 || 1985 || 1985 || Books || JbeyondG || Judaism Beyond God, Sherwin Wine ||
 * 1985 || 1985 || 1985 || Rabbinic